Wind Powered Battery Charger Engineering Essay

spark advance Powered Battery Charger Engineering establishRenewable nothing is a burning issue nowadays distinguishable zippo resources argon cosmos analyzed, tested and improved in order to knock back mangle non renewable thrust resources. Wind is one of the renewable energy resources which is in stock(predicate) in abundance, especially in Europe, huge amount of energy canister be produced by outgrowth hint hoagy and then this energy can be saved for later function.This offer looks at the brief history of gimmick mill near their past usage, prove usage and future. In addition to this, a proto shell circuit is likewise build which utilizes flatus energy to load 4.5v onslaught when worm energy is little and 12v bombing is charged when amply energy is produced by the finish up. In addition to this, future recommendations atomic number 18 also made to improve the circuit inclination.AcknowledgmentsFirst and fore nearly, I would manage to express my sinc ere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisors, Mr. Nader Anani. He has been giving me his professional advice and guidance throughout the duration of this work. It was his guard and confidence in me that led me to successfully hump this shake off. It has been a pleasure working under his supervision.I wish to dedicate this thesis to my family who I dearly love and respect.Table of Contents cornerstoneIn the near future renewable energy resources like solar and principal energy volition be replacing conventional non renewable energy resources. Non renewable energy resources are limited in their availability and are running out quickly due to their vast use in the modern font society. 1 We depose on coal, oil and gas for running our industries now that these resources are becoming scarce it is our responsibility to look for contrasting forms of energy so that the future generations do not suffer due to this shortage. A lot of research is creation carried out to select a rel iable energy resource that can obtain the energy demands of the future, which is reliable and efficient.Energy plays important role in various forms to let human being accomplish different tasks and makes human life easier and to a greater extent comfortable, from the basic electrical energy that drives electrical and electronic machines and Internet to the kinetic and mechanical energy of vehicles, planes, and all other speedy sources of locomotion. The modern technological existence has its suffer merits and demerits and challenges and issues which are accompanied with it as a result of scientific and industrial revolution and technological advancement. However with exponentially increasing use of devices and equipments requiring federal agency and energy, these sources of energy saw the dreadful event of shortage and rareness. Hence scientists and researchers throughout the world started working on these burning issues and this gave birth to the field of renewable energy.Th is project is an attempt to develop a system which utilizes wriggle energy to efficiently charge up batteries that can be later employ as a form of energy.AimThe aim of this project is to design, construct and test a battery charger fed from a gratuity energy source.ObjectivesObjectives of the current project are given below literary works review and probe of go up energy and its historyProposal of hardware design to build a pilfer great causationed battery chargerDevelopment of prototype circuit for charging batteries using Wind EnergyTesting and analysis of the developed system raillery on the results obtainedRecommendations for the future workSystem Block DiagramBlock diagram of the proposed system is given belowFigure System Block DiagramAs clearly illustrated in the system HLD, revoke energy go forth rotate the wind turbines and by using root within the wind turbines mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy, this electrical energy generated by the beginn ing is unregulated and full of harmonics, in order to regulate this cut of electricity a regulator is necessitate which in turn can be apply to charge the battery.Report StructureThis report will give an overview of the techniques and methods use to achieve the final product.1) Introduction This chapter discusses the aim, objectives, and explains the circuit block diagram.Figure Breakdown of Report2) Literature review This section of report concentrates on the literature review regarding wind turbines and their use in modern day energy market. In addition to this technical information regarding components use for this project is also given.3) Method Method illustrates the detailed experimental procedures and different stages which are completed in order to attain the end product.4) Results The results obtained which are related to the performance of the finished product are given in results section.5) Discussion and Conclusions Further discussions on the results and the conclusi ons drawn after the completion of the project is presented in the fifth chapter.6) Future work This chapter presents possible ideas that can be implemented on the designed prototype, to achieve different kind of benefits.7) References References of information taken from internet. It also contains Bibliography section with details of the books and the texts, articles, magazines and the data sheets used.8) Appendices The appendix contains data sheets of the components use in this project.Literature ReviewLiterature Review of this project is divided in following primary(prenominal) sectionsHistory and introduction of wind turbinesModeling of wind energy and generatorHistory and Introduction of wind turbinesIn the beginning, a structure comprising of blades in the form of a fan was known as a wind generator which was used to grind grain and pump water using wind energy. This wind generator was later on developed to generate electricity and was renamed a wind turbine. 3 On the other ha nd a wind turbine is a machine which extracts energy from wind to generate electricity by the rotation of propeller like blades that drives a generator through shafts and supplements present within it. It is a rotating machine which converts kinetic energy from wind into mechanical energy and this mechanical energy is converted into electricity using a generator. 4FileVeladero 01.pngFigure 3 Wind Turbine in Hilly Area 3HistoryA wind turbine is a machine which extracts energy from wind to generate electricity by the rotation of propeller like blades that drives a generator through shafts and gears present within it (Britannica, 2011). It is a rotating machine which converts kinetic energy from wind into mechanical energy and this mechanical energy is converted into electricity using a generator.Since ancient times, man has harnessed the power of the wind to provide motive power for transportation. Likewise, the technique of grinding grain between stones to produce flour is correspo ndingly ancient, and widespread. Where and when these 2 came together in the first lead is unknown, exactly a likely scenario elicits a Persian origin, from where the knowledge spread back into northern Europe as a result of the Crusades. 4 Since the Persian mills were quite unlike the early European designs it seems just as likely that the adaptation of wind as a power source was independently discovered in Europe. Of course wind was not the first non-human power source applied to the task of grinding corn as it was preceded by both brute power, and in all probability by water power.European millwrights became highly skilled craftsmen, developing the technology tremendously and as Europeans forwardness off colonizing the comfort of the globe, windmills spread throughout the world. The basics of windmill design include those build by the British, who developed many advanced control mechanisms over the centuries, and the Dutch who used windmills extensively to pump water an d for industrial uses, as rise as to grind grain. 5As steam power developed, the uncertain power of the wind became less and less economic, and we are left today with a tiny fraction of the elegant structures that once extracted power from the wind. These remaining windmills, seen all over the world, are a historic reminder of a past technological age. A number of mills have been restored either visually or in some cases back to full working order. However the promise of widespread power from the wind lives on both in the form of wind turbines producing electricity, and in the form of pocketable scale wind pumps often openhandedly low-tech facilitys still used extensively in the world of agriculture. 2FileWind turbine 1888 Charles Brush.jpgFigure 4 An overage wind farm4Wind Power in AfghanistanWind power has been used for more than 2000 age and the first windmill used for mechanical purposes was built in Afghanistan in the 7th carbon. This was a vertical axis windmill with r ectangular shaped blades which was six to twelve sails covered in reed matting and was used to grind corn and drawing water.windmill39Figure 5 Historical wind mill in Afghanistan 1Wind Power in BritainEvidence of windmills in England dates from the twelfth century, with earlier references to mills generally held to be talking about either animal or water powered mills. The 14th and 15th centuries provide yard of what the early mills looked like with illustrations in diverse media such as memorial brasses, stained glass, and wood carvings, as well as the expected ms records. These early illustrations all showed the simple all wooden space mill structure. The first illustration was shown in the late 1270 A.D which was a four bladed mill mounted on a central post. This was known as the post mill and was already a fair technologically advanced setup as compared to the Persian mills. These mills used wooden gears for the motion of the horizontal shaft to vertical movement to turn a gr ind stone. 4Wind Power in HollandAs early as 1390 the Dutch set out to refine a design known as the column mill. This was actually a step post mill affixed to the top of a multi story tower with separate floors devoted to grindinggrain, removing chaff, storing grain and living quarters for the wind-smith and his family. Both the post mill as well as the tower mill designs had to be adjusted according to the wind manually. This was done by pushing a large lever at the back of the mill. Also optimizing the windmill energy and power output plus protecting the mill from damage by furling the rotor coil sails during ramps was the main job of the wind-smith. 1Improvement in the design of the Wind millA primary improvement in the design of the European mills was the use of sails that generated silklike lift. This feature improved the rotor efficiency as compared to the Persian mills by allowing an increase in rotor speed and hence which resulted in higher-ranking grinding and pumping action.5The process of perfecting the windmill as well as making incremental improvements towards its efficiency took 500 years. By the time the process was completed the windmill sails had major features which were recognised by modern designers as being crucial to the performance of modern wind turbine blades. Some models also featured aerodynamic brakes, spoilers, and flaps.windmillFigure 6 Mid 20th Century Windmill 4While continuing well into the 19th century the use of large tower mills declined with the increased use of steam engines. The neighboring step in the development of wind power occurred many thousands of miles to the west. 1Wind Power in the USAFor hundreds of years the close important application of windmills at the hero sandwichsistence level has been mechanical water pumping. This was done using relatively piffling systems with rotor diameters of one to several meters. These systems were better in the United States during the19th century. It initiated with t he introduction of Halladay windmill in 1854, and continuing to the Aermotor and Dempster designs. 4The most significant modification of the American fan shaped windmill was the development of brand name blades in 1870. These could be made lighter and worked into more efficient shapes. But, they worked so well that their high speed required a reduction in gear to turn the standard reciprocal pumps at the required speed. 1 In the late 19th century, advancement was made to the original design and a new type of wind mill known as the multi-blade windmill was manufactured. This design was used in the first large windmill in order to generate electricity.Wind Power in DenmarkPoul la Cour was the pioneer of electricity generating wind turbines and he published a journal based on wind power during the analogous year. Also it was reported that by 1918 around 120 local utilities in Denmark had a wind turbine. The approximated size was from 20 to 35 kW. At that time the wind turbines covere d 3 percent of Danish electricity consumption and Danish interest in wind power increased at a high rate. 4During the cosmos War, the Danish engineers built a number of two as well as terce bladed wind turbines although their concept is a three bladed machine. This type of turbines was used in areas usually based on a wind-diesel setup which ran the electricity supply system. The systems used designs focused on DC (direct current) generators to satisfy their needs but in 1951 these DC generators were replaced with AC (alternating current) generators and therefore became the second wind turbine to generate AC. 5In 1980, Christian Riisager, built a small 22 kW wind turbine in his back yard using an earlier design known as the Gedser Wind Turbine (three bladed wind turbine). His turbine design became a success within households around Denmark and this success gave the present day Danish wind turbine designers an inspiration. 3 This inspiration led them to design all their wind turbine s and this skid started from 1980 to the present day. A new generation of wind turbines was developed in 1981 and that became a technological breakthrough for modern wind turbines throughout the world.The serial manufacturing of wind turbines started and Danish shapers had much more of a track record than companies and their individual countries. Another thing to note is that California, which is one of the biggest wind farms in the world, has about half(prenominal) of the wind turbines of Danish origin.20th Century Developments and Modern Wind TurbinesIn the past, the Dutch refined the windmill and adapted it for draining lakes and marshes and when settlers took this technology to the New conception in the late 19th century, they began using windmills to pump water for farms and ranches, and later, to generate electricity for homes and industry. 520th century was the time when windmills were actually recognised as Wind Turbines. cross charges the plains they were used to pump water as well as to generate electricity but at the same time as new methods of utilising wind energy were being introduced this trend gradually spread around the world.windmillFigure 7 Evolution of Windmill flesh in 20th CenturyAt present the modern wind turbines are based on three blades using AC generators and output is rated in mega watts (MW) or giga watts (GW). Some modern wind turbines are based on four to five blades and they are being used on both AC and DC. The governing body is the World Wind Energy Association and as per their annual World Energy Report, a total number of 76 countries in the world are using wind energy for commercial purposes. The main countries that widely use wind turbines at present include USA, UK, France, Germany, Australia, Denmark, Spain and China. The countries that recently became users of wind energy resources are India, Pakistan and Turkey. These figures suggest an increase in use of high output wind turbines but currently mini or small wind turbines are available and are being used where they have an output power requirement ranging from a few watts (W) to kilo watts (kW). 3For a long time individual wind turbines were installed to support single households but now this idea has been advanced to improve the usage of this energy. Nowadays, wind turbines are installed on a large area may that be land or sea. The output is committed to a grid system. Many countries have installed a number of wind farms across their plains and commensurate windy locations but the largest on-land wind farm is known as Roscoe Wind Farm and is dictated in Texas, USA. This wind farm comprises of 627 wind turbines and a total installed cleverness of 781.5 MW and provides over flow rateing power for more than 250,000 average Texan homes. It is located about 200 miles west of Fort Worth, and covers nearly 100,000acres. The second largest wind farm is also located in Texas, USA. This wind farm is known as the Horse Hallow Wind Energy Centre an d has 421 wind turbines that generate a total message of 735 MW. Out of the total 421, 291 of them are 1.5 MW wind turbines and 130 are 2.3 MW wind turbines. The turbines are owned by Florida Power Light and the troupe operates 46 other wind farms throughout the US. 41-rosco-wind-farmFigure 8 Wind farm in England 5The largest Off-shore wind farm in the world is the Thanet wind farm. It is located in the North Sea about 7 miles off the coast of Kent, England. The wind farm has 100 turbines and has the capability produce enough energy a year to power more than 200,000 homes. The second largest offshore wind farm is called Horns Rev 2 and is located on Horns Reef in a shallow area off the westernmost point of Denmark. Horns Rev 2 consist of 91, Siemens wind turbines with a total generating capacity of 209MW. 7Thanet-wind-farm-opened-006Figure 9 Off shore wind farm along the coast of Kent (England) 5Future of Wind TurbinesIt is predicted that wind energy will be the most cost effectiv e source of electrical power in the near future. A good part of this prediction has been proven during the current energy rush so its reliability can easily be visualised for future. Recent improvements in wind turbines have shown that the trends which have led to the dramatic fall in the cost of wind energy are set to continue. Countries all over the world are setting their targets for wind power and it is estimated that about 22,000 MW, in the form of 40,000 wind turbines will be installed in the next 10 years. Europe is the hub of this global business and will continue to be as around six companies supply over half of the worlds wind turbines. 6As more and more countries start using this reliable source of electricity, master plans are being set for the future. Already the USA, China, Germany and UK have set targets to build only wind farms and each one bigger than the other. As USA has currently the biggest on-land wind farms in the world, they would like to maintain that in th e future. Around six wind farms are mean within the USA for the next 15 years and they should be able to maintain the record of largest wind farms in the world. One of the planned wind farms is the Alta Wind Energy Centre in the Mojave Desert California. This farm will have more than 600 wind turbines and when it is completed this will have the capacity to generate 1,550 MW of energy which is double the capacity of the largest existing wind energy farm. USA has no off-shore wind farm but their future plans include the installation and usage of this setup. 620100730-193513-pic-977799504Figure 10 Wind farm in China 6China also plans to increase their usage of wind energy and they are also involved in future projects as well as developing wind farms. One of their future aspirations is the under construction Gansu Wind Farm. It has been estimated that whencompleted by 2020 and would have the output capacity of 10 Giga watt (GW). They also plan to reach 100 GW overall wind energy output by 2020 as other future wind farms are under construction. By that time it could be the largest capacity wind farm in the world.In the UK, wind energy is being used extensively and more plans have been set in place for the future. They have more plans to build off-shore wind farms instead of on-land ones as well as to increase the capacity of current setup. Another master plan is to build a wind turbine factory, run by the German giant company Siemens and is expected to complete by 2015.Germany is also involved in certain future projects as their current setup is highly dependable on wind farms. Currently around 20,301 on-land wind turbines are located in the German federal areas and the country has plans to build more wind turbine farms and reach a high capacity by 2020.They are planning more offshore wind energy as well and predict a capacity of about 10.000 MW by 2020. Most of these off-shore farms will be erected up to 20-60 km away from the coastline.energy-frozen-fish-wind-fa rms-turbines_18081_600x450Figure 11 Modern wind farm in Germany 2Types of Wind TurbinesSince the development of the wind turbines, numerous designs have been introduced and used worldwide. The difference in these designs was on the basis of size, output power and shape of the wind turbine. The largest wind turbine and the one with the most individual output power up to date is the Enercon-126. Its rated output is about 7 MW and its rotor diameter is 126 meters.Wind turbines can be divided into two basic types and this is determined by the way the turbine spins. One is the horizontal axis wind turbine and is most commonly used (FIG- 12) while the other one is the vertical axis wind turbines (FIG-13). 3http//www.ecotownforleicestershire.coop/assets/images/masterplanImages/energyreportVertical-axis-wind-turbine.jpghttp//www.aboutgenerator.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/how-to-build-a-wind-turbine.jpgFIG 12 9 FIG 13 9Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) is the common style wind turbin e which has a design similar to that of a wind mill and has blades that look like a propeller that spin on the horizontal axis. The main rotor shaft and electrical generator are at the top of the tower and are pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane placed square with the rotor (blades), while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. 9Since a tower produces turbulence behind it hence the turbine is usually pointed upwind of the tower. Wind turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into the tower by high winds. Since the turbulence leads to fatigue failures so most HAWTs are upwind machines. Since the blades always move perpendicularly to the wind they help receive power through the whole rotation. 9Small wind turbines are being used extensively in off-grid systems like street lighting, phone booths, lighting up parking areas and public mobile chargers. These wind turbines are usually used with another device such as solar panels and are part of a setup. They are light, easy to install and reliable in all wind conditions.Green-Column2Figure 14 Green Column 1Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is when the main rotor shaft is arranged vertically. The main advantage of this arrangement is that the wind turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind and can be most reliable on sites where the wind direction is highly variable or turbulent.In a VAWT the generator and other main components can be placed near the ground so the tower does not need to support it. It is arduous to mount these type of turbines on towers so they are often installed nearer to the base on which they rest, such as the ground or a build rooftop. The wind speed is slower at a lower altitude which means less wind energy is available so air flow near the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow resulting in issues like vibration. However, when a turbine is mounted on a rooftop, the building will generally redirect the wind over the roof and this doubles the wind speed at the turbine. 9There are two subtypes of VAWTDarrieus wind turbines are commonly called Eggbeater turbines as they look like an eggbeater. They are highly efficient but produce large ripple and cyclic stress on the tower which will contribute towards low reliability. They generally require some external power source to start turning because the starting torque is rattling low. The torque ripple is reduced by using three or more blades which will result in a higher solidity for the turbine rotor. Solidity is careful by blade area over the rotor area and newer models of this type of turbines are not held up by guy-wires but have an external superstructure connected to the top.Savonius wind turbines is a drag type turbine and are commonly used in cases of high reliability in things such as ventilation systems. Because they are a drag type turbine they are less efficient than a common HAWT but they are excel lent in areas of turbulent wind and self-importance starting.Wind turbine manufacturersAs wind energy has become a widely used concept, a number of companies have introduced their designs and perfected them. The most popular companies around today are Enercon (Germany), Vestas (Denmark), GE Wind Energy (USA), Siemens Wind Power (Germany), RE Power (Germany), Sinovel (China), Goldwind (China) and Gamesa (Spain).All these companies are famous for manufacturing as per their own HAWT designs and their systems are being used worldwide. Enercon, Germany based company, is the only company to have made the most powerful and largest wind turbine in the world known as Enercon-126. They continue to work on more ideas and increase the output capability of their wind turbine. On the other hand Vestas which is a Denmark based company is the biggest manufacturer of wind turbines in the world. Most of their wind turbines and installed in Europe as well as USA and their orders keep on increasing day by day as per demand and dependence on wind energy. It was stated that most of the designs from other companies are actually modifications to the original design created by Vestas and this work can be seen in their systems. 10Other companies like GE Wind Energy and Siemens have made major contributions in the manufacturing and enhancing the capabilities of wind turbines of the present age and they are looking forward to the future for more opportunities to make themselves well known within the industry. 10Small sized wind turbines made their way into the industry due to the need for smaller and off-grid systems. Marlec Renewable Power is one of the companies that initiated this type of wind turbines and they came up with the idea named Rutland wind turbines. Rutland wind turbines are being commonly used in UK and Europe these days but further international use has been planned due to the interest shown by foreign investors. Rutland wind turbines have current designs using 3 to 6 b lades but they are mini versions of HAWT and no VAWT designs have been introduced up to date. They have mostly been used in off-grid systems and add a good combination to the environment surrounded by wind turbines. 10Disadvantages of wind turbinesThe strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. Which means that wind turbines will not generate the same amount of electricity all the time as well as there will be times when they generate no electricity at all.Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched so the landscape could be left in its natural form.Wind turbines are noisy as each one can generate the same level of noise as a family car at very high speed.People see large wind turbines as unattractive structures and not pleasant to look at. They could blemish the countryside and might seem a horrible sight.Wind turbine construction can be very expensive and costly to the surrounding wildlife during the building and installation pr ocess.In some areas of wind farm developments birds have been found dead around the base of turbines.Many people think wind turbines are a great idea, yet a large proportion of these people would oppose a wind farm development close to their home due to their land scathe reduction as well as noise pollution.Modeling of wind energy and generatorIn order to develop the prototype circuit in the laboratory, wind energy has to be simulated along with the generator. At first it was decided to use a 12 volt manual generator which can be operated by hand to output 12v so that this can be fed for the rest of the circuitry. A cheap 12v Generator could not be found, very expensive models were available but it was decided not to buy them as it will increase the cost of the product dramatically. Finally, it was agreed that the 12v DC from the power supply will be used to simulate the output of the wind generator.MethodMethod section of this report throws light on the wind power battery charger circuit used and also explains different techniques used in order to build the prototype.Method section of this report can be sub divided in the following main categories1 Research regarding components used in this project2 tour Design and Explanation3 Circuit ConstructionResearch regarding components used in this projectAt first it was decided to develop a battery management circuit from scratch by using analogue circuitry, buck converter and 555 timer or microcontroller in order to switch the buck converter, but after some research and investigation it was found that there are some specialized ICs available which can be used for managing battery charging circuits.Different verities of battery management IC were available from Liner technologies, Analogue devices, microchip and National Instruments but selection criteria for the IC involved a DIP package for easy prototyping, operating temperature range of -40 to +85, supply voltage rating of up to 18v and cheap in price.After som e search through different vendor websites, LTC1042 seemed to be a suitable candidate for this particular application. After mutual consent it was decided to use LTC1042 as main charge management IC in this project.Circuit Design and ExplanationLooking through the LTC1042 datasheet, it was discovered that this IC can be adopted for the needs of renewable energy resources and can easily manage different load types based on the amount of energy being produced at one particular time.Application notes of LTC1042 suggested a circuit for using this IC for managing wind powered battery charger. In order to prove the concept of the system, it is decided to build this circuit and experiment with it.Chosen CircuitThe circuit to be built is shown in the diagram belowFigure 15 Wind Powered Battery Charger CircuitCircuit ExplanationThis circuit behaves in a latching manner, i.e. depending upon the voltage being generated by the wind generator different type of load will be on and off. LTC1042 is a CMOS window and manages the turning on and turning off of different loads.This circuit contains two batteries and one load, its operation is summarized in the following lines1 If the generator output voltage is below 13.8v, charge regulator circuit is active and Ni-Cad battery will